Many countries have moved from overnight or batch-based clearing to real-time systems that process payments within seconds and operate on a near-continuous basis. This shift has reduced settlement risk and improved liquidity management, making it easier for institutions to support use cases that rely on instant confirmation, such as just-in-time payroll and instant merchant settlement. As these capabilities expand, banks and processors are replacing siloed, institution-specific platforms with architectures that rely on shared standards and greater interoperability across participants.
These infrastructure changes are unfolding alongside broader technological shifts among financial institutions. Core processing is gradually moving to cloud environments, interfaces are opening through APIs, and fraud management is becoming more centralized and data driven. Richer messaging formats such as ISO 20022 give institutions more structured data for compliance and risk control, while API frameworks allow authorized third parties to initiate payments securely on behalf of customers. Together, these developments have made the backend more adaptable and better matched to the demands of digital commerce, so that account-based systems can handle higher volumes, lower latency and a wider range of integrated services than in the past.
On the front end, the most visible change has been the proliferation of ways in which users can access their accounts. Cards introduced the idea that account-based payments could be initiated with a plastic credential rather than a visit to a branch or the use of paper instruments. Mobile banking, wallets and QR-based payments extended this idea into mobile applications, making it possible to embed payment initiation directly into commerce, mobility and lifestyle services. As these channels mature, payments are becoming less of a separate step and more of an integrated feature within broader digital services used on a daily basis.
Transit and mobility services illustrate this shift clearly. For example, in Michinori Holdings, a wholly owned subsidiary of IGPI and the holding company for a portfolio of transport operators across Japan, our bus networks historically relied on onboard cash payments and simple ticketing, requiring drivers and back-office staff to handle cash, reconcile fares and manage payment records separately from other operational systems.
As cashless options have been introduced, passengers can now use a mix of instruments, including reloadable contactless smart cards used for transport and small purchases, credit cards and QR code payments, with these digital methods often integrated with journey information and digital ticketing. For passengers, boarding has now become a matter of tapping a card or presenting a device, with the payment interaction embedded in the journey rather than treated as a separate task. Behind the scenes, fares are still settled through accounts held with banks or payment providers, but operators gain a more integrated view of usage and revenue and can align payment data more closely with scheduling, routing and service design.
Account-based systems have also seen meaningful shifts in how value is captured around them. Traditional revenue streams such as interchange, scheme fees, account maintenance charges and FX margins are under pressure from regulation and low-cost account-to-account payment schemes. At the same time, the movement of funds itself is becoming more commoditized as real-time payment rails expand and more providers can offer similar speed and reliability. In response, banks and payment providers are placing more emphasis on services that sit around the transaction rather than on the transaction fee alone, including risk and fraud management, data-driven reporting, integration with enterprise systems and tailored solutions for specific sectors such as mobility, e-commerce or tourism.
For operators that build on account-based payments, including transport and regional service providers, this has encouraged a move toward bundled and partnership driven models. Instead of treating payments purely as a back-office utility, they are increasingly embedded in broader offerings that might combine ticketing, loyalty, identity management and operational analytics. Revenue can then come from a mix of fees, cost savings and new services enabled by better payment data, such as optimized routing or dynamic pricing, while financial institutions benefit from deeper integration with client workflows rather than from stand-alone payment charges. In effect, the business model is gradually shifting from selling individual payment transactions to building and monetizing ecosystems of services that are organized around accounts.
Japan’s transport smart card schemes, such as Suica and PASMO, show what this evolution can look like in practice. Originally designed as tools for rail and bus ticketing, these cards have expanded into multi-purpose digital payment accounts that can be used for transport, retail purchases, vending machines, station lockers and other small value payments. This extension of usage has allowed operators and partners to generate additional revenue from retail acceptance, to form partnerships with convenience stores, rail operators and tourism providers, and to use the data for services such as passenger flow optimization and capacity planning. The business model has effectively moved from selling individual tickets to operating a payment enabled mobility platform, with the account at its center.
Looking ahead, the future of account-based payments is likely to be shaped less by changes to the underlying model and more by how users access it. As payment initiation becomes embedded in devices, vehicles, buildings and digital services, the account remains the anchor while the interactions with it becomes increasingly indirect. The spread of instant account-to-account payment rails, broader API connectivity and richer data standards will support this shift by making the act of moving funds even more commoditized. The competitive frontier is therefore moving to the layer above the payment itself, where firms differentiate themselves through context and service design rather than through the mechanics of settlement.
Biometric and device-based credentials point toward what this next stage could look like. NEC’s face recognition service at Nanki Shirahama Airport, for example, allows travelers who have pre-registered their facial information and payment credentials to access shops, restaurants and other services simply by presenting their face. The payment interaction itself becomes almost frictionless while the transaction still settles through the customer’s underlying account. Projects like this suggest a future in which account-based payments are triggered through physical presence or contextual cues rather than through cards or phone screens, and where transactions occur more naturally within a broader travel or retail journey. In this model, identity and authentication become the interface, and the account continues to serve as the trusted ledger beneath it.
At the backend, AI-driven cybersecurity and new cryptographic tools are reshaping how account-based systems are secured and audited. Financial institutions are already deploying models that detect anomalies in real time and adjust fraud controls automatically, and as threats grow more coordinated, these tools may run across multiple institutions to compare signals without exposing individual customer data. In parallel, elements of cryptographic infrastructure such as tokenized deposits and distributed ledgers can be introduced selectively into existing account platforms to improve data integrity, reduce reconciliation gaps and support conditional or programmable settlement while leaving the underlying customer-institution ledger relationship intact.
On the customer side, account-based payments may increasingly function as a foundation for lifestyle and public services rather than a separate financial step. A single account could support welfare disbursements, mobility spending, small household purchases and more. Although the interaction points would differ substantially, all payments can draw on the same underlying account, whether it is a vehicle verifying the driver biometrically and settling tolls in the background or a traveler using a single balance that carries identity, retail spending and insurance entitlements across borders. In each case, the account acts as the persistent anchor for value, identity rules and usage controls across settings that are becoming more automated.
Super-apps such as Grab, Gojek and Shopee point towards another pathway in which payments become a gateway to a broader lifestyle operating system. These platforms bundle transport, food delivery, commerce, insurance, credit, savings and rewards into a single environment where the user’s account is the reference point for creditworthiness and behavioral data. As these ecosystems expand, the account becomes not only a settlement instrument but also the foundation for personalization, loyalty structures and cross-service monetization. This model shows how account-based payments could evolve into multi-sector engagement platforms, particularly in regions where mobile-first consumer behavior supports deep integration across daily activities.
These developments all point to a new phase for account-based payments rather than their replacement. The ledger relationship between customers and institutions remains constant, but the infrastructure that moves funds is getting faster and more interoperable, the interfaces which trigger payments are increasingly woven into everyday activities, and the business models are shifting toward broader service ecosystems. As embedded finance, cryptographic assurances and AI-driven security mature, the act of paying may fade even further into the background while trust in the underlying account becomes even more central. The key question is not whether accounts will disappear, but how institutions and partners will design the next generation of services, controls and commercial arrangements around them.
To find out more about how IGPI Group can provide support for businesses, browse through our insight articles or get in contact with us.
Zitin Bali, Analyst of IGPI Singapore
Zitin began her career at IGPI after completing a degree in Data Science and Economics from the National University of Singapore, with a minor in Political Science. She first joined IGPI as a senior-year intern and returned a year later to begin her full-time role. Her strengths lie in economic modelling, data analysis, and data visualisation. In addition to her experience at IGPI, Zitin previously interned at Monee, where she conducted market research on the payments industry, and at SCOR Reinsurance, where she developed dashboards to visualise large datasets.
IGPI Group is a Japan rooted premium management consulting & Investment Group headquartered in Tokyo with a footprint in Osaka, Singapore, Hanoi, Shanghai & Melbourne, as well as parts of Europe and India. The organization was established in 2007 by former members of the Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), a USD 100 billion sovereign wealth fund focusing on turn-around projects in Japan. IGPI Group has 13 institutional investors, including Nomura Holdings, SMBC, KDDI, Recruit and Sumitomo Corporation to name a few. IGPI Group has vast experience in supporting Fortune 500s, Govt. agencies, Universities, SMEs and funded startups across Asia and beyond for their strategic business needs and hands-on support across a wide variety of industries. IGPI group has approximately 8,500 employees on a consolidated basis.
* This material is intended merely for reference purposes based on our experience and is not intended to be comprehensive and does not constitute as advice. Information contained in this material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but IGPI does not represent or warrant the quality, completeness, and accuracy of such information. All rights reserved by IGPI.
For companies, the real power of AI rarely resides in the models themselves. It comes from how they are applied. The most successful organizations do not chase technology for its own sake. They begin with clear business pain points and ask how AI can improve decisions, efficiency, or customer experience in measurable ways.
Manufacturers use predictive algorithms to anticipate equipment failures before they happen. Banks deploy AI to detect fraud and refine risk models. These are not headline-grabbing projects, yet they deliver consistent value. The lesson is clear: AI is not a magic wand but a tool that must be embedded into workflows and evaluated by outcomes such as time saved, costs reduced, and quality improved. Firms that treat AI as a practical process enhancer, rather than a shiny experiment, will be the ones to reap lasting benefits.
The current industry obsession with infrastructure such as foundation models, GPUs, and compute power is understandable but incomplete. These investments are capital-intensive and highly visible, but the real disruption comes when AI transforms how businesses operate.
AI’s enduring value will emerge when it reshapes business models by enabling dynamic pricing, adaptive logistics, or self-optimizing decision frameworks. These are not just technological breakthroughs; they are organizational ones. They require new thinking about how companies create and capture value. Many firms are building technological muscle while neglecting the commercial reinvention required for durable innovation. Those that align AI with strategy instead of spectacle will define the next competitive landscape.
The current infrastructure race has concentrated immense power among a handful of global technology giants. A small number of firms now control the data pipelines, computing capacity, and platforms on which the entire AI ecosystem depends. This centralization has accelerated progress—but also introduced systemic fragility.
If demand slows, regulation tightens, or technical progress disappoints, these giants could all pull back at once, triggering a cascading contraction reminiscent of the dotcom bust or Japan’s bubble economy of the 1990s. Overreliance on a few providers also limits diversity and experimentation. The alternative is a more open and distributed ecosystem—one that encourages open-source models, regional data strategies, and interoperability standards. Such diversity would make AI more resilient and more inclusive.
As companies race to deploy AI, the line between ambition and recklessness grows thin. Responsible innovation requires discipline: clear metrics for success, thresholds for risk, and mechanisms for accountability. Small-scale pilots and explainable algorithms can help avoid the reputational and financial damage that often follows hype-driven projects.
AI should be treated as an instrument of transformation, not a corporate trophy. Firms that pursue it merely to appear modern will soon find themselves burdened with costly, underperforming systems. Those that build governance into their innovation processes will be far better equipped to balance enthusiasm with prudence.
Every technological revolution passes through a cycle of excess, collapse, and consolidation. The dotcom era ended with disillusionment, but from its ashes rose the infrastructure and regulatory frameworks that underpin today’s digital economy. The same evolution may await AI.
After the speculative froth recedes, costs will fall, standards will mature, and adoption will become more sustainable. Policymakers must prepare for that stage by fostering fair competition, safeguarding data, and improving energy efficiency while keeping innovation alive. For investors and executives alike, volatility is inevitable, but so is renewal.
Bubbles, in the end, are not purely destructive. They clear the field for genuine progress. When the noise subsides, the long-term winners will be those who built AI not as spectacle but as substance.
To find out more about how IGPI Group can provide support for businesses, browse through our insight articles or get in contact with us.
Kohki Sakata, Partner of IGPI Group & CEO of IGPI Singapore
After joining Cap Gemini and Coca Cola, Kohki joined Revamp Corporation where he managed projects on global expansion and turnaround in various sectors including F&B, healthcare, retail, IT, etc. After joining IGPI, he has managed projects mainly on global expansion and cross border M&A in various sectors such as logistics, IT, telecom, retail, etc. In addition to his broad experience in implementing solutions that has been developed in Western countries, he has developed multiple methods to turnaround Asian companies with focus on setting clear vision and employee empowerment. Kohki has proven the practicality of these methods by turning around Asian companies not only as an advisor but also as senior management.
He graduated from Waseda University Department of Political Science and Economics and IE Business School.
Shivaji Das, Managing Director of IGPI Singapore
Shivaji has over 20 years of strategy consulting experience, specializing in New Business Models, Innovation Roadmaps, and Sustainability Journeys. He has worked with private and public sector clients across 25 countries in sectors like Technology, Semiconductors, Chemicals, Healthcare, Renewable Energy, and Construction. Previously, Shivaji was a Partner and Managing Director-APAC at Frost & Sullivan. His paper on Artificial Intelligence was presented at CAINE-2000 in Hawaii, USA. He is the author of seven acclaimed travel, art and business books including The Visible Invisibles and Rebels, Traitors, Peacemakers (both Penguin Random House), as well as The Great Lockdown: lessons learned during the pandemic from organizations around the world (Wiley, USA).
He is an alumnus of IIT Delhi and IIM Calcutta.
IGPI Group is a Japan rooted premium management consulting & Investment Group headquartered in Tokyo with a footprint in Osaka, Singapore, Hanoi, Shanghai & Melbourne, as well as parts of Europe and India. The organization was established in 2007 by former members of the Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), a USD 100 billion sovereign wealth fund focusing on turn-around projects in Japan. IGPI Group has 13 institutional investors, including Nomura Holdings, SMBC, KDDI, Recruit & Sumitomo Corporation to name a few. IGPI Group has vast experience in supporting Fortune 500s, Govt. agencies, Universities, SMEs and funded startups across Asia and beyond for their strategic business needs and hands-on support across a wide variety of industries. IGPI group has ~8,500 employees on a consolidated basis.
* This material is intended merely for reference purposes based on our experience and is not intended to be comprehensive and does not constitute as advice. Information contained in this material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but IGPI does not represent or warrant the quality, completeness, and accuracy of such information. All rights reserved by IGPI.
But despite massive expectations, measurable productivity gains from AI remain elusive. Only a fraction of projects deliver measurable results, and promised boosts to efficiency and income have yet to materialize. Optimism seems to have outpaced evidence.
The current AI-driven market mania bears an uncanny resemblance to the late-1990s dotcom bubble. Then, as now, investors poured money into firms whose valuations soared far beyond their profits. Today’s AI champions trade at price-to-earnings multiples reminiscent of that period, while smaller firms with tenuous business models, such as quantum computing startups or miniature nuclear-reactor ventures, command startling valuations. Retail investors have also joined the party, drawn by the same speculative energy that once inflated the shares of internet darlings.
There are, however, differences that make this boom more complex — and potentially more perilous. The scale of investment is staggering. Whereas the dotcom bubble saw perhaps half a trillion dollars poured into infrastructure, global data center investments are already nearing that figure, with forecasts of an additional five trillion dollars over the next five years. The AI frenzy is no longer confined to Silicon Valley; it has become a planetary phenomenon, stretching from Tokyo to Toronto.
The backbone of this rapid AI expansion — vast networks of data centers — is also its Achilles’ heel. Facilities that once consumed 100 megawatts now demand gigawatt-scale power, creating unprecedented pressure on energy infrastructure. Meeting this appetite will require expanding global electricity generation by as much as 30% within a decade. Companies are already scouting remote regions for off-grid energy sources, including solar arrays and even private nuclear reactors.
Yet this scramble raises critical questions about sustainability, cost, and technological obsolescence. Rapid advances in chip design could render today’s multibillion-dollar facilities outdated before their debts are paid — a risk that leaves power utilities hesitant to commit to long-term supply contracts. Adding to the fragility is a resurgence of risky financing practices. Some firms are extending credit to their own customers or suppliers to maintain momentum, echoing the vendor-financing excesses that deepened the dotcom collapse.
A sharp correction in AI valuations would ripple far beyond the technology sector. A year ago, the fallout might have been contained within a few cash-rich tech giants. But the ecosystem has since expanded to include smaller cloud providers, data-center real estate trusts, and heavily leveraged newcomers with weak credit profiles. Lending markets, pension funds, and government-backed agencies are now deeply entwined with AI’s capital flows.
Should confidence falter, the shock would not be limited to a few firms in California or Osaka — it could reverberate through the financial system, potentially precipitating a broader downturn and exposing vulnerabilities across global markets.
Speculation is easy to spot; transformation is harder. Valuation multiples and volatility indices can reveal bubble-like conditions, but genuine innovation becomes apparent only over time. The hallmarks of true technological revolutions — electrification, mechanized transport, modern medicine — were steady and widespread improvements in productivity, living standards, and equality. By these measures, AI’s impact remains modest, despite its extraordinary promise.
For now, the sector straddles two futures: one of enduring progress and one of exuberant excess. Whether AI becomes the next electricity, or the next dotcom era phenomenon depends not on market valuations, but on whether its promise translates into tangible productivity gains for workers, firms, and societies at large.
Artificial Intelligence has captured global attention — and capital — fuelling a surge in markets from Wall Street to the Tokyo Stock Exchange. The Nikkei 225, like many indices, has risen on a tide of optimism. While signs of a speculative AI bubble remain clear, it is uncertain when, or how sharply, such a bubble will burst. Yet just as the technologies that survived the dotcom collapse reshaped our lives, AI too holds transformative potential. Whether the eventual market correction hampers that transformation remains a key question for policymakers, investors, and businesses worldwide.
To find out more about how IGPI Group can provide support for businesses, browse through our insight articles or get in contact with us.
Kohki Sakata, Partner of IGPI Group & CEO of IGPI Singapore
After joining Cap Gemini and Coca Cola, Kohki joined Revamp Corporation where he managed projects on global expansion and turnaround in various sectors including F&B, healthcare, retail, IT, etc. After joining IGPI, he has managed projects mainly on global expansion and cross border M&A in various sectors such as logistics, IT, telecom, retail, etc. In addition to his broad experience in implementing solutions that has been developed in Western countries, he has developed multiple methods to turnaround Asian companies with focus on setting clear vision and employee empowerment. Kohki has proven the practicality of these methods by turning around Asian companies not only as an advisor but also as senior management.
He graduated from Waseda University Department of Political Science and Economics and IE Business School.
Shivaji Das, Managing Director of IGPI Singapore
Shivaji has over 20 years of strategy consulting experience, specializing in New Business Models, Innovation Roadmaps, and Sustainability Journeys. He has worked with private and public sector clients across 25 countries in sectors like Technology, Semiconductors, Chemicals, Healthcare, Renewable Energy, and Construction. Previously, Shivaji was a Partner and Managing Director-APAC at Frost & Sullivan. His paper on Artificial Intelligence was presented at CAINE-2000 in Hawaii, USA. He is the author of seven acclaimed travel, art and business books including The Visible Invisibles and Rebels, Traitors, Peacemakers (both Penguin Random House), as well as The Great Lockdown: lessons learned during the pandemic from organizations around the world (Wiley, USA).
He is an alumnus of IIT Delhi and IIM Calcutta.
IGPI Group is a Japan rooted premium management consulting & Investment Group headquartered in Tokyo with a footprint in Osaka, Singapore, Hanoi, Shanghai & Melbourne, as well as parts of Europe and India. The organization was established in 2007 by former members of the Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), a USD 100 billion sovereign wealth fund focusing on turn-around projects in Japan. IGPI Group has 13 institutional investors, including Nomura Holdings, SMBC, KDDI, Recruit & Sumitomo Corporation to name a few. IGPI Group has vast experience in supporting Fortune 500s, Govt. agencies, Universities, SMEs and funded startups across Asia and beyond for their strategic business needs and hands-on support across a wide variety of industries. IGPI group has ~8,500 employees on a consolidated basis.
* This material is intended merely for reference purposes based on our experience and is not intended to be comprehensive and does not constitute as advice. Information contained in this material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but IGPI does not represent or warrant the quality, completeness, and accuracy of such information. All rights reserved by IGPI.
Today, drones in ASEAN have moved beyond experimentation to become key enablers of industrial transformation and an integrated component of smart city development. Their applications go far beyond supporting construction and infrastructure projects—they also contribute directly to enhancing urban livability and resilience. From traffic monitoring and medical deliveries to environmental management and public safety, drones are shaping the essential features of future smart cities across the region.
This article explores the ASEAN’s drone market landscape, highlighting current trends, industry opportunities, and the challenges that must be addressed for to unlock future opportunities.
The drone industry in ASEAN is experiencing strong growth. According to Statista, market revenue was valued at around USD 43 million in 2025, reflecting a 15% CAGR between 2020 and 2025. Looking ahead, market revenue is projected to reach USD 59 million by 2030, supported by rising adoption across industries.
At present, drone applications in ASEAN are concentrated in 6 major sectors:
| – | Agriculture: | precision farming, crop monitoring, and yield management |
| – | Construction & Infrastructure: | site mapping, monitoring, and project management |
| – | Mining: | exploration, mapping, and operational monitoring |
| – | Defense & Security: | surveillance, reconnaissance, target acquisition, crowd monitoring, and search operations |
| – | Energy: | asset inspection, maintenance, and grid monitoring |
| – | Oil & Gas: | surveying, exploration mapping, and pipeline inspection |
Beyond these industries, drones are also emerging as a transformative force in smart city development. Their applications extend from the construction phase, such as urban planning and infrastructure monitoring, to operational services that directly improve quality of life. This includes road traffic monitoring and control, environmental surveillance, disaster management, medical transportation, and even logistics and delivery services with multiple pilot programs are already underway across ASEAN.
A GUTMA study on Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) maturity shows ASEAN’s varying readiness for scalable drone operations:
| – | Singapore: | Tier 2 (Advanced) |
| – | Malaysia: | Tier 3 (Developed) |
| – | Indonesia & Thailand: | Tier 4 (Emerging) |
| – | Philippines & Vietnam: | Tier 5 (Nascent) |
The report identifies limited progress in Technology and Business & Market aspects, which could constrain the feasibility and attractiveness of the ASEAN drone market.
On the technology side, most ASEAN countries lack systems for dynamic airspace management and secure data exchange. Only Singapore and Malaysia have foundational UTM capabilities. Singapore operates a Centralized Flight Management System (CFMS) integrated with eSOMS and the “FlySafe” app, while Malaysia provides basic UTM services through the LOOKA Platform. Both countries are developing more advanced UTM systems to further enhance drone registration, monitoring, and airspace integration.
On the business side, market awareness remains low. Most ASEAN countries have limited understanding of the economic potential of drone services, lacking insights on market sizing, value chain mapping, and business models. Currently, only Malaysia has conducted a market size analysis, including an assessment of drone services’ contribution to national GDP and the job market by 2030.
The drone industry in ASEAN is evolving within a uniquely complex landscape shaped by fragmented regulations and diverse national priorities for adoption.
While most ASEAN-6 countries have already established general regulatory frameworks for drone operations, significant differences remain in how these rules are applied—creating barriers for seamless regional growth.
For example, Singapore requires drones weighing more than 250 grams to be registered, compared to 20 kilograms in Malaysia and 2 kilograms in Thailand. These variations in permit processes, licensing, import restrictions, and safety requirements reflect the broader regulatory fragmentation that complicates cross-border operations and market entry for drone businesses.
At the same time, ASEAN countries also pursue different application priorities. Agricultural economies such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines have focused on drones for farming and forestry, while Singapore has applied them mainly to infrastructure monitoring and urban management. More recently, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand have expanded beyond agriculture into security-related uses, including counter-insurgency and border surveillance, reflecting rising domestic and regional security concerns.
The ASEAN low-altitude economy, particularly the drone sector, has strong growth potential. However, penetrating this market requires industry players to effectively manage both legal and commercial risks in order to capture the opportunities.
Given ASEAN’s smart city ambitions, localization strategies will be critical. Each country has unique urban challenges, and solutions must address specific needs of each city, whether related to infrastructure, mobility, disaster management, or public safety, companies need to provide tangible value which accelerate smart city progress.
Achieving this requires deep understanding of local markets and a physical presence to navigate diverse regulatory and commercial landscapes. One effective strategy is to leverage government initiatives. For example, Malaysia has introduced a regulatory sandbox that enables companies to test and refine drone solutions in real-world conditions, ensuring they meet both regulatory requirements and actual market needs. Equally important is building strong partnerships with local stakeholders—from government agencies to industry players. Such collaborations not only help in navigating regulatory hurdles but also provide critical insights into local practices, enabling companies to deliver solutions that are both compliant and relevant.
To unlock full potential, companies must take a structured approach, mapping the market landscape across regulatory, technological, and commercial dimensions, while also fostering regional collaboration that will be integral for long-term growth.
To find out more about how IGPI Group can provide support for businesses, browse through our insight articles or get in contact with us.
Febrizal, Associate of IGPI Singapore
Prior to joining IGPI, Febrizal worked at YCP Solidiance and PwC Indonesia, where he successfully completed a range of consulting projects, including market entry strategy, growth strategy, and business model identification, across diverse industries such as Agriculture, Automotive, and Industrial. He has extensive experience in M&A activities, including conducting commercial due diligence, valuations, and providing deal advisory services (connecting buy-side and sell-side). Febrizal holds a degree in Economics from Binus University.
IGPI Group is a Japan rooted premium management consulting & Investment Group headquartered in Tokyo with a footprint in Osaka, Singapore, Hanoi, Shanghai & Melbourne, as well as parts of Europe and India. The organization was established in 2007 by former members of the Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), a USD 100 billion sovereign wealth fund focusing on turn-around projects in Japan. IGPI Group has 13 institutional investors, including Nomura Holdings, SMBC, KDDI, Recruit and Sumitomo Corporation to name a few. IGPI Group has vast experience in supporting Fortune 500s, Govt. agencies, Universities, SMEs and funded startups across Asia and beyond for their strategic business needs and hands-on support across a wide variety of industries. IGPI group has approximately 8,500 employees on a consolidated basis.
* This material is intended merely for reference purposes based on our experience and is not intended to be comprehensive and does not constitute as advice. Information contained in this material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but IGPI does not represent or warrant the quality, completeness, and accuracy of such information. All rights reserved by IGPI.
Over the past decade, Singapore’s construction sector has evolved from capacity expansion to strategic nation-building. Mega-projects such as the Changi Airport Terminal 5, the expansion of MRT lines, large-scale public housing upgrades, and creation of new integrated healthcare hubs reflects more than engineering ambition but signals a deliberate national pivot.
These projects, projected to generate SGD 40 to 50 billion annually in construction output over the next 6 to 8 years, anchor domestic economic stability in an era of global trade volatility and geopolitical friction.
However, despite its strategic importance, the sector remains heavily reliant on manual labor and foreign manpower. Singapore continues to depend on workers from countries such as Bangladesh, India and China to fill vital construction roles. This model, while functional, is increasingly unsustainable in a context of rising labor costs, tighter immigration rules, and geopolitical uncertainty.
Like many other markets, the Singapore construction ecosystem is structurally fragmented. Thousands of small contractors and subcontractors operate in silos, making widespread innovation adoption difficult.
Digital systems such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) can only deliver their full potential when they are adopted across the entire ecosystem. In fragmented markets, investments in such technologies often fail to scale.
To address this, the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) is championing ecosystem-wide digital standards, public-private partnerships, and offering targeted incentives to encourage digital transformation. Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA), robotics-driven site automation, and drone-based inspections are gaining traction. These are no longer peripheral experiments; they are becoming foundational to productivity, quality control and risk reduction.
For Singapore, sustainability is not optional, it is existential. As a low-lying tropical island with net-zero ambitions by 2050, Singapore must engineer its built environment to withstand rising sea levels, extreme rainfall and intensifying heat. Green certification systems such as Green Mark and LEED have become industry standard. Yet, deeper structural change is required.
A major issue lies in Singapore’s short building life cycle. Compared to Japan or Europe, Singapore’s buildings are torn down and rebuilt more frequently, generating high volumes of construction waste. The future lies in better lifecycle planning, material reuse, and technologies such as carbon passports that track environmental impact from cradle to grave.
At the same time, new materials are gaining prominence. From engineered wood to fly ash composites and low-emission steel, the industry is exploring environmentally responsible alternatives. Prefabricated components and modular construction are also gaining momentum, offering reductions in waste and improvements in build-time precision.
Adaptation strategies are equally vital. From heat-reflective building materials and shaded walkways to underground infrastructure and coastal barriers, Singapore’s construction sector is at the forefront of climate-resilient urban design. At the same time, worker safety, especially amid rising temperatures, will require greater night-shift operations and enhanced workplace protections.
A distinctive feature of the sector is the dominance of foreign contractors, particularly from China, Korea and Japan. While technically capable, their global business priorities do not always align with Singapore’s national goals, particularly in sustainability and innovation.
In contrast, Singapore’s local champions have emerged as global thought leaders in design and planning. Firms such as Surbana Jurong, RSP and DP Architects now influence projects far beyond the island’s borders. These consultancies, shaped by Singapore’s success in urban planning and public housing, represent the intellectual capital of the sector.
To bridge this asymmetry, regulators are stepping in to align procurement policies and sustainability benchmarks with national objectives. Increasingly, public contracts mandate digital adoption and green certification, nudging the sector toward a balanced equilibrium between foreign execution capacity and local strategic vision.
The next wave of construction transformation may come from unexpected regions, especially Central and Eastern Europe, where dual-use and defense-adjacent startups are developing modular construction, robotics, and advanced building materials in resource-constrained settings.
Through collaboration with venture investment platforms such as FF Red and White, Singapore can explore how to integrate these frontier technologies into its own ecosystem. The goal is not only to import innovation but to co-create solutions that can define the next phase of global construction standards.
The Singapore construction industry is no longer about simply pouring concrete or laying steel. It is a platform for strategic investment, digital transformation and climate resilience. The city-state is turning its construction sector into a model of how governments, industry players and innovators can collaborate to meet the challenges of the 21st century.
As global markets seek certainty and cities search for models of sustainable development, Singapore’s evolving construction ecosystem offers a powerful case study. It is not only building for today, but engineering a resilience, sustainable foundation for tomorrow.
To find out more about how IGPI Group can provide support for businesses, browse through our insight articles or get in contact with us.
Kohki Sakata, Partner of IGPI Group & CEO of IGPI Singapore
After joining Cap Gemini and Coca Cola, Kohki joined Revamp Corporation where he managed projects on global expansion and turnaround in various sectors including F&B, healthcare, retail, IT, etc. After joining IGPI, he has managed projects mainly on global expansion and cross border M&A in various sectors such as logistics, IT, telecom, retail, etc. In addition to his broad experience in implementing solutions that has been developed in Western countries, he has developed multiple methods to turnaround Asian companies with focus on setting clear vision and employee empowerment. Kohki has proven the practicality of these methods by turning around Asian companies not only as an advisor but also as senior management.
He graduated from Waseda University Department of Political Science and Economics and IE Business School.
Shivaji Das, Managing Director of IGPI Singapore
Shivaji has over 20 years of strategy consulting experience, specializing in New Business Models, Innovation Roadmaps, and Sustainability Journeys. He has worked with private and public sector clients across 25 countries in sectors like Technology, Semiconductors, Chemicals, Healthcare, Renewable Energy, and Construction. Previously, Shivaji was a Partner and Managing Director-APAC at Frost & Sullivan. His paper on Artificial Intelligence was presented at CAINE-2000 in Hawaii, USA. He is the author of seven acclaimed travel, art and business books including The Visible Invisibles and Rebels, Traitors, Peacemakers (both Penguin Random House), as well as The Great Lockdown: lessons learned during the pandemic from organizations around the world (Wiley, USA).
He is an alumnus of IIT Delhi and IIM Calcutta.
IGPI Group is a Japan rooted premium management consulting & Investment Group headquartered in Tokyo with a footprint in Osaka, Singapore, Hanoi, Shanghai & Melbourne, as well as parts of Europe and India. The organization was established in 2007 by former members of the Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), a USD 100 billion sovereign wealth fund focusing on turn-around projects in Japan. IGPI Group has 13 institutional investors, including Nomura Holdings, SMBC, KDDI, Recruit & Sumitomo Corporation to name a few. IGPI Group has vast experience in supporting Fortune 500s, Govt. agencies, Universities, SMEs and funded startups across Asia and beyond for their strategic business needs and hands-on support across a wide variety of industries. IGPI group has ~8,500 employees on a consolidated basis.
* This material is intended merely for reference purposes based on our experience and is not intended to be comprehensive and does not constitute as advice. Information contained in this material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but IGPI does not represent or warrant the quality, completeness, and accuracy of such information. All rights reserved by IGPI.
India holds significant potential in high-tech manufacturing, underpinned by its vast domestic market and a deep reservoir of engineering talent. However, several structural challenges continue to impede its ability to compete with established players such as China, South Korea, Japan, and the United States.
One of the most pressing obstacles is access to advanced technology. Unlike its global competitors, India lacks well-developed technology clusters in critical sectors such as semiconductors, aerospace, and medical devices. This reliance on foreign collaborations and technology transfers not only limits autonomy but also creates vulnerabilities in strategically sensitive industries.
Another challenge lies in the absence of a robust high-tech manufacturing ecosystem. India’s industrial base lacks the depth of supply chain linkages and partnerships necessary for rapid scaling. Global firms are often hesitant to collaborate with Indian manufacturers due to limited experience in cutting-edge production. This creates a self-reinforcing cycle where the lack of credentials prevents Indian firms from integrating into high-value global supply chains.
Furthermore, India faces a significant talent retention issue. Despite producing a large number of engineers and technical professionals annually, many migrate to higher-paying markets abroad. This brain drain exacerbates workforce shortages in critical areas of high-tech manufacturing.
Despite these challenges, India’s achievements in low-tech manufacturing provide a strong foundation for its high-tech aspirations. By building on this base, India can create spillover benefits that accelerate its transition to advanced manufacturing.
Infrastructure development offers a clear pathway for this transition. Addressing long-standing issues such as energy reliability and logistical inefficiencies will not only benefit low-tech industries but also enhance the viability of high-tech sectors. For instance, improving transport networks and energy supply chains can reduce bottlenecks that hinder high-end manufacturing.
Workforce development serves as another critical bridge between low- and high-tech industries. Structured vocational training programs tailored for low-tech sectors can gradually upskill workers for more sophisticated applications. This approach ensures a steady pipeline of talent capable of supporting India’s high-tech ambitions.
Traditional manufacturing ecosystems have historically been organized around vertically integrated value chains, with tightly linked networks of suppliers, OEMs, and manufacturers. However, the digital revolution has disrupted this paradigm, giving rise to more modular and dynamic production systems.
The smartphone industry exemplifies this shift. Telecommunications providers, software developers, operating system creators, and device manufacturers now operate within distinct yet interconnected layers rather than rigid value chains. This layered structure fosters greater flexibility and efficiency by allowing firms to specialize in specific segments of the value chain.
For India to compete effectively in high-tech manufacturing, it must embrace this new paradigm. Rather than replicating traditional supply chains dominated by established players, Indian firms should focus on identifying lucrative niches within these layered structures. Specialization will enable Indian manufacturers to carve out competitive advantages in global markets.
India’s potential as a high-tech manufacturing leader is most pronounced in sectors where demand is growing rapidly and foundational strengths already exist:
| ● | Medical Devices: While India has established itself as a producer of basic medical equipment like blood pressure monitors, it has yet to make significant strides in advanced devices such as MRI machines. Strengthening production capabilities could position medical devices as a cornerstone of India’s high-tech ambitions. | |
| ● | Aerospace and Defense: Recent efforts have focused on component production and airframe assembly. Expertise in advanced materials engineering and precision manufacturing will be critical for scaling this sector. | |
| ● | Space Technology: Building on ISRO’s success in cost-efficient satellite launches, India has an opportunity to expand into commercial satellite manufacturing. | |
| ● | Semiconductors: With geopolitical shifts prompting supply chain diversification away from China, India is well-positioned to attract investments in semiconductor design and fabrication. |
Though in a different context, China’s rapid ascent in high-tech manufacturing offers potential lessons for India’s path forward:
| 1. | Talent Development: China prioritized STEM education to ensure a steady pipeline of engineers and technicians. | |
| 2. | Government Incentives: Targeted subsidies and R&D grants enabled Chinese firms to scale rapidly. | |
| 3. | Technology Transfers: By mandating joint ventures with foreign firms, China secured access to advanced technologies that bolstered domestic capabilities. |
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) will play an indispensable role in advancing the nation’s high-tech manufacturing capabilities. Beyond capital infusion, FDI brings global best practices and cutting-edge technologies that enhance competitiveness. To mitigate risks associated with geopolitical fragmentation, India must diversify its FDI sources by engaging with multiple countries.
To attract global investors and technology partners, Indian policymakers must address regulatory complexities that deter foreign firms. Simplifying tax structures and easing compliance requirements will create a more conducive environment for investment.
Equally important is fostering competition rather than overprotectionism. Industries shielded by excessive government intervention often struggle to remain globally competitive. Encouraging open competition will drive innovation and efficiency across sectors.
India possesses the market size, talent pool, and industrial foundation needed to emerge as a global leader in high-tech manufacturing. Success will hinge on its ability to overcome structural challenges while leveraging opportunities through strategic investments and policy reforms. By embracing modular industry structures and drawing lessons from global best practices, India can position itself at the forefront of the high-tech revolution. The next decade will be pivotal—will India rise to meet the challenge?
To find out more about how IGPI Group can provide support for businesses, browse through our insight articles or get in contact with us.
Kohki Sakata, CEO of IGPI Singapore
After joining Cap Gemini and Coca Cola, Kohki joined Revamp Corporation where he managed projects on global expansion and turnaround in various sectors including F&B, healthcare, retail, IT, etc. After joining IGPI, he has managed projects mainly on global expansion and cross border M&A in various sectors such as logistics, IT, telecom, retail, etc. In addition to his broad experience in implementing solutions that has been developed in Western countries, he has developed multiple methods to turnaround Asian companies with focus on setting clear vision and employee empowerment. Kohki has proven the practicality of these methods by turning around Asian companies not only as an advisor but also as senior management.
He graduated from Waseda University Department of Political Science and Economics and IE Business School.
Shivaji Das, Managing Director of IGPI Singapore
Shivaji has over 20 years of strategy consulting experience, specializing in New Business Models, Innovation Roadmaps, and Sustainability Journeys. He has worked with private and public sector clients across 25 countries in sectors like Technology, Semiconductors, Chemicals, Healthcare, Renewable Energy, and Construction. Previously, Shivaji was a Partner and Managing Director-APAC at Frost & Sullivan. His paper on Artificial Intelligence was presented at CAINE-2000 in Hawaii, USA. He is the author of seven acclaimed travel, art and business books including The Visible Invisibles and Rebels, Traitors, Peacemakers (both Penguin Random House), as well as The Great Lockdown: lessons learned during the pandemic from organizations around the world (Wiley, USA).
He is an alumnus of IIT Delhi and IIM Calcutta.
IGPI Group is a Japan rooted premium management consulting & Investment Group headquartered in Tokyo with a footprint in Osaka, Singapore, Hanoi, Shanghai & Melbourne, as well as parts of Europe and India. The organization was established in 2007 by former members of the Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), a USD 100 billion sovereign wealth fund focusing on turn-around projects in Japan. IGPI Group has 13 institutional investors, including Nomura Holdings, SMBC, KDDI, Recruit & Sumitomo Corporation to name a few. IGPI Group has vast experience in supporting Fortune 500s, Govt. agencies, Universities, SMEs and funded startups across Asia and beyond for their strategic business needs and hands-on support across a wide variety of industries. IGPI group has ~8,500 employees on a consolidated basis.
* This material is intended merely for reference purposes based on our experience and is not intended to be comprehensive and does not constitute as advice. Information contained in this material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but IGPI does not represent or warrant the quality, completeness, and accuracy of such information. All rights reserved by IGPI.
India’s early industrialization efforts in the 1950s and 1960s were state-driven, with a heavy reliance on public sector enterprises in industries such as steel, aerospace, and defense manufacturing. However, this approach led to systemic inefficiencies, an absence of competitive pressure, and limited access to cutting-edge technology.
Additionally, India’s economy remained highly protectionist, restricting foreign investments and market competition. With limited exposure to global best practices and a constrained talent pool in high-tech fields, the country struggled to establish a meaningful presence in advanced manufacturing. The result was a missed opportunity in high-tech sectors, with India unable to capitalize on its early ambitions.
In stark contrast to its high-tech struggles, India’s pharmaceutical industry thrived despite lacking full vertical integration. The turning point came as global drug patents expired, opening opportunities for low-cost generic manufacturing. Initially reliant on European and Japanese suppliers for raw materials, Indian firms later leveraged Chinese manufacturers for cost-effective inputs, allowing them to scale rapidly.
This layered approach—focusing on specific segments of the value chain rather than attempting full vertical integration—enabled India to dominate the global generic pharmaceutical market. By specializing in cost-efficient manufacturing and regulatory expertise, Indian firms carved out a niche in a heavily commoditized industry, demonstrating that strategic positioning within a value chain can sometimes outweigh full control over it.
For decades, China dominated the global toy industry, particularly in South China, controlling over 80% of global market share. However, India has recently emerged as a challenger, driven by a combination of government protectionist policies, a booming domestic market, and localized product innovation.
Historically, India had a strong domestic toy industry focused on traditional, handcrafted toys, but lacked large-scale manufacturing capabilities. Recent government incentives, coupled with rising middle-class purchasing power, have enabled Indian manufacturers to scale up production and cater to both domestic and international markets. Unlike China, which dominates through mass production, India is differentiating itself by leveraging its cultural heritage—customizing toys to reflect regional preferences and traditional aesthetics.
This success reflects India’s broader industrial strategy: leveraging domestic strengths to create export opportunities, rather than directly competing with China’s economies of scale.
India’s industrial conglomerates have played a defining role in shaping the country’s manufacturing landscape, but their origins differ significantly from their Chinese counterparts.
While Chinese conglomerates often trace their roots to banking, finance, or real estate, Indian business houses emerged from trading and commerce. Historically, trading families from Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the Parsi (Iranian) diaspora built extensive networks with the Gulf, Africa, and Europe, later expanding into manufacturing and industrial sectors.
When India’s economy was heavily regulated, these conglomerates diversified across multiple industries to navigate restrictions and survive. However, post-liberalization, many of them restructured and consolidated, focusing on sectors where they could achieve global competitiveness.
This evolution has created a fundamental difference in industrial structures:
| ● | China’s manufacturing model is vertically integrated, with companies controlling multiple stages of production. | |
| ● | India’s model remains horizontally integrated, with firms specializing in specific segments of the value chain rather than fully owning upstream and downstream processes. |
This structural distinction has implications for India’s future in high-tech manufacturing—can it replicate China’s model, or should it refine its own unique approach?
The Indian government has been both an obstacle and a catalyst for manufacturing growth. In the past, high import tariffs and nationalization efforts sheltered domestic industries but limited their competitiveness. Today, however, India has embraced a more market-driven approach, introducing:
| ● | Production-Linked Incentives (PLI) to encourage domestic manufacturing. | |
| ● | Infrastructure investments in roads, power, and logistics. | |
| ● | Tax reforms such as GST (Goods and Services Tax) to harmonize the regulatory landscape. |
These policies have lowered costs, improved supply chain efficiency, and incentivized foreign investments, making India a more attractive manufacturing hub.
India’s biggest advantage is its massive domestic market, which few low-tech manufacturing hubs can match. Unlike countries such as Bangladesh (focused on textiles) or Vietnam (electronics), India benefits from sectoral diversity, spanning pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, medical devices, and even aerospace.
This breadth of expertise allows India to compete across multiple verticals, rather than being dependent on a single industry. Additionally, India’s labor force, while still in transition, offers a balance between cost competitiveness and technical capability.
India’s manufacturing landscape today is split into two parallel worlds:
| 1. | Globally integrated, world-class manufacturers—leveraging IoT, AI-driven inventory management, and predictive analytics to optimize efficiency. | |
| 2. | Fragmented, low-tech enterprises—often informal, small-scale, and slow to adopt digital tools. |
While large corporations have embraced Industry 4.0 innovations, smaller enterprises remain largely untouched by digitalization. Bridging this gap is crucial for India’s broader industrial transformation. To stay competitive, India must accelerate digital adoption at all levels—integrating small-scale manufacturers into modern supply chains and enabling them to compete globally.
The low-tech industrial foundation has provided it with a strong cost-competitive base, but its future lies in scaling high-tech industries. The transition from horizontal diversification to vertical specialization will require:
| ● | Greater investment in R&D to drive innovation. | |
| ● | Stronger policy support for high-tech sectors. | |
| ● | Global partnerships to accelerate technology transfer. |
As India positions itself for the future, the central question remains: Can India replicate China’s vertically integrated manufacturing success, or will it forge its own distinct, layered approach? The answer to this will define India’s global industrial role in the decades ahead.
To find out more about how IGPI Group can provide support for businesses, browse through our insight articles or get in contact with us.
Kohki Sakata, CEO of IGPI Singapore
After joining Cap Gemini and Coca Cola, Kohki joined Revamp Corporation where he managed projects on global expansion and turnaround in various sectors including F&B, healthcare, retail, IT, etc. After joining IGPI, he has managed projects mainly on global expansion and cross border M&A in various sectors such as logistics, IT, telecom, retail, etc. In addition to his broad experience in implementing solutions that has been developed in Western countries, he has developed multiple methods to turnaround Asian companies with focus on setting clear vision and employee empowerment. Kohki has proven the practicality of these methods by turning around Asian companies not only as an advisor but also as senior management.
He graduated from Waseda University Department of Political Science and Economics and IE Business School.
Shivaji Das, Managing Director of IGPI Singapore
Shivaji has over 20 years of strategy consulting experience, specializing in New Business Models, Innovation Roadmaps, and Sustainability Journeys. He has worked with private and public sector clients across 25 countries in sectors like Technology, Semiconductors, Chemicals, Healthcare, Renewable Energy, and Construction. Previously, Shivaji was a Partner and Managing Director-APAC at Frost & Sullivan. His paper on Artificial Intelligence was presented at CAINE-2000 in Hawaii, USA. He is the author of seven acclaimed travel, art and business books including The Visible Invisibles and Rebels, Traitors, Peacemakers (both Penguin Random House), as well as The Great Lockdown: lessons learned during the pandemic from organizations around the world (Wiley, USA).
He is an alumnus of IIT Delhi and IIM Calcutta.
IGPI Group is a Japan rooted premium management consulting & Investment Group headquartered in Tokyo with a footprint in Osaka, Singapore, Hanoi, Shanghai & Melbourne, as well as parts of Europe and India. The organization was established in 2007 by former members of the Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), a USD 100 billion sovereign wealth fund focusing on turn-around projects in Japan. IGPI Group has 13 institutional investors, including Nomura Holdings, SMBC, KDDI, Recruit & Sumitomo Corporation to name a few. IGPI Group has vast experience in supporting Fortune 500s, Govt. agencies, Universities, SMEs and funded startups across Asia and beyond for their strategic business needs and hands-on support across a wide variety of industries. IGPI group has ~8,500 employees on a consolidated basis.
* This material is intended merely for reference purposes based on our experience and is not intended to be comprehensive and does not constitute as advice. Information contained in this material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but IGPI does not represent or warrant the quality, completeness, and accuracy of such information. All rights reserved by IGPI.
China’s vertically integrated model provides greater control over supply chains, cost efficiency, and innovation synergies. This model has helped China dominate industries such as electronics, automotive, and industrial manufacturing, where deep coordination between suppliers and producers is crucial. A prime example is China’s semiconductor industry, where state investment has strengthened domestic chipmakers, reducing reliance on foreign technology. However, this model also faces challenges, particularly in overcoming technological dependencies and geopolitical constraints.
India, by contrast, follows a horizontal specialization model, where different firms focus on specific segments of the value chain. This approach requires less capital investment, encourages global partnerships, and aligns well with industries where R&D and production can be geographically dispersed. In the automotive sector, for instance, Indian firms such as Tata Technologies and Infosys provide digital engineering and automation solutions for global car manufacturers, bridging software and manufacturing without full-scale production facilities.
India’s pharmaceutical industry exemplifies the benefits of horizontal integration, particularly in the generic medicine sector. India is the world’s leading supplier of generic drugs, accounting for over 40% of the U.S. market. Unlike China’s vertically integrated pharmaceutical sector, India has succeeded by leveraging a combination of process patents, cost-efficient production, and strategic global partnerships.
Sun Pharmaceutical Industries is a case in point. Initially focused on generics, the company later expanded into specialty and branded drugs through acquisitions, demonstrating how horizontal integration enables value-chain upgrades. Similarly, firms like Biocon and Dr. Reddy’s have leveraged their strengths in generics to enter the contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) space, working with multinational pharmaceutical companies on advanced drug development.
While India initially built its pharmaceutical success on cost efficiency, it is now moving up the value chain into biologics, specialty medicines, and high-end research. This shift illustrates how horizontal models can evolve to capture higher-value segments, reinforcing India’s growing influence in the global pharmaceutical landscape.
Despite its dominance in pharmaceuticals, India lags behind in medical device manufacturing, a sector historically controlled by global giants such as GE, Siemens, and Toshiba. However, the industry is undergoing a transformation, shifting from hardware-driven products to service-based, software-integrated solutions.
For India to establish itself as a global player in medical devices, it must strengthen its local supply chains, encourage deeper collaboration between universities and industry, and leverage government incentives to attract investment in domestic production. The transition to a more digital and services-driven healthcare model presents a strategic opportunity for India to integrate its software strengths with traditional manufacturing capabilities.
Beyond pharmaceuticals and medical devices, India’s software industry is reshaping global manufacturing by shifting value from physical production to data-driven services. In the automotive sector, the growing emphasis on connected vehicles and autonomous systems has made India a key hub for automotive software development. Meanwhile, smart grid solutions and predictive analytics are modernizing energy networks, while AI-driven predictive maintenance is improving factory efficiency worldwide.
Bosch India’s operations exemplify the evolving nature of global manufacturing. The company has strategically leveraged India’s AI expertise to optimize its production networks worldwide. This integration of advanced software capabilities into manufacturing processes underscores the increasing centrality of digital technologies in modern industrial operations, potentially offering Bosch a competitive edge in efficiency and innovation.
While India has significant strengths in software and digital transformation, its manufacturing sector faces structural challenges. One key issue is workforce readiness. India’s workforce is comparable in size to China’s, but literacy rates, advanced manufacturing skills, and female labor force participation remain significantly lower. In manufacturing-driven economies, these factors influence productivity and industrial scalability.
China has benefited from a strong, state-driven industrial policy that has supported manufacturing through large-scale infrastructure investment, subsidies for priority sectors, and strict technology transfer requirements for foreign firms. In contrast, India has taken a more market-driven approach, though recent policy reforms are addressing historical bottlenecks. Initiatives such as the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme are helping boost local manufacturing, while deregulation of labor laws and improvements in ease of doing business have made India a more attractive destination for industrial investment.
India’s emerging toy manufacturing industry presents an interesting case of policy-driven industrial growth. Recent government initiatives, including local content requirements and tariff adjustments, have reshaped the competitive dynamics of this sector. As a result, India has begun to capture a growing share of the global toy production market, a space traditionally dominated by Chinese manufacturers. This shift highlights the potential impact of aligned government policies and industry needs in developing new manufacturing capabilities.
Traditional value chain analysis is no longer sufficient for understanding global industries. As manufacturing becomes more software-driven, companies must move beyond sector-based strategies and adopt a layered approach, considering the integration of software with traditional industries, the rise of data-driven, subscription-based business models, and the increasing interdependence of manufacturing, AI, and IoT.
This shift requires firms to rethink supply chains, innovation models, and global partnerships. Companies that can successfully navigate this transformation by integrating software with traditional production and leveraging cross-industry collaboration will be best positioned to lead in the next phase of global industrial evolution.
India and China represent two distinct pathways to manufacturing success. China’s vertically integrated model has allowed it to achieve dominance in scale-driven and infrastructure-heavy industries, while India’s specialization model has enabled it to succeed in technology-driven and service-enhanced sectors.
As technology reshapes industry boundaries, firms must rethink their manufacturing strategies. The future of global manufacturing will not be defined by a single model but by the ability to integrate digital capabilities, optimize global partnerships, and embrace the layered industrial transformation that is already underway. Companies that successfully adapt to this changing landscape will emerge as leaders in the next era of global industry.
IGPI possesses extensive experience supporting companies in aligning their manufacturing strategies with either vertical or horizontal integration models, depending on their industry and market needs. By considering strategic trade-offs, we can help businesses optimize their processes to retain competitiveness.
To find out more about how IGPI Group can provide support for businesses, browse through our insight articles or get in contact with us.
Kohki Sakata, CEO of IGPI Singapore
After joining Cap Gemini and Coca Cola, Kohki joined Revamp Corporation where he managed projects on global expansion and turnaround in various sectors including F&B, healthcare, retail, IT, etc. After joining IGPI, he has managed projects mainly on global expansion and cross border M&A in various sectors such as logistics, IT, telecom, retail, etc. In addition to his broad experience in implementing solutions that has been developed in Western countries, he has developed multiple methods to turnaround Asian companies with focus on setting clear vision and employee empowerment. Kohki has proven the practicality of these methods by turning around Asian companies not only as an advisor but also as senior management.
He graduated from Waseda University Department of Political Science and Economics and IE Business School.
Shivaji Das, Managing Director of IGPI Singapore
Shivaji has over 20 years of strategy consulting experience, specializing in New Business Models, Innovation Roadmaps, and Sustainability Journeys. He has worked with private and public sector clients across 25 countries in sectors like Technology, Semiconductors, Chemicals, Healthcare, Renewable Energy, and Construction. Previously, Shivaji was a Partner and Managing Director-APAC at Frost & Sullivan. His paper on Artificial Intelligence was presented at CAINE-2000 in Hawaii, USA. He is the author of seven acclaimed travel, art and business books including The Visible Invisibles and Rebels, Traitors, Peacemakers (both Penguin Random House), as well as The Great Lockdown: lessons learned during the pandemic from organizations around the world (Wiley, USA).
He is an alumnus of IIT Delhi and IIM Calcutta.
IGPI Group is a Japan rooted premium management consulting & Investment Group headquartered in Tokyo with a footprint in Osaka, Singapore, Hanoi, Shanghai & Melbourne, as well as parts of Europe and India. The organization was established in 2007 by former members of the Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), a USD 100 billion sovereign wealth fund focusing on turn-around projects in Japan. IGPI Group has 13 institutional investors, including Nomura Holdings, SMBC, KDDI, Recruit & Sumitomo Corporation to name a few. IGPI Group has vast experience in supporting Fortune 500s, Govt. agencies, Universities, SMEs and funded startups across Asia and beyond for their strategic business needs and hands-on support across a wide variety of industries. IGPI group has ~8,500 employees on a consolidated basis.
* This material is intended merely for reference purposes based on our experience and is not intended to be comprehensive and does not constitute as advice. Information contained in this material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but IGPI does not represent or warrant the quality, completeness, and accuracy of such information. All rights reserved by IGPI.
The Southeast Asia data center market is one of the fastest-growing globally, driven by several key factors. The adoption of cloud-based services is expected to be a major growth driver in the coming years. Additionally, Singapore is set to become the first country in the region to implement 5G technology, with Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam also planning and investing in 5G network deployment in the next 5 years. This will further increase data generation, necessitating data centers to manage more complex network traffic. Moreover, the growing demand for generative AI, which requires substantial computational power and vast amounts of data storage, is expected to further drive the need for data center resources.
Graph1. Data Center Market Forecast in ASEAN[1]
The maturity of the data center market in ASEAN countries is as follows:
Table1. Number of Data Centers with Capacity and The Breakdown of Upcoming Projects by Stage[2]
Singapore is the most mature market in the region. In the APAC area, it ranks second only to Tokyo, with 1GW of operational capacity and a remarkably low vacancy rate of just 1%. In 2019, concerned about the increase in power consumption and the environmental impact caused by the rapid surge in data centers, the Singapore government imposed a moratorium on new data center construction. However, this moratorium was lifted in 2022, and in May 2024, the government announced the “Green Data Center (DC) Roadmap,” which includes goals such as providing at least an additional 300 megawatts (MW) of capacity in the near future and expanding capacity further through the adoption of green energy.
Indonesia and Malaysia are fast-growing markets with enormous supply potential, further driving data center growth in ASEAN. In Malaysia, data center investments are rapidly increasing, particularly in Kuala Lumpur and Johor, while in Indonesia, Jakarta is seeing a surge in investments. This growth is driven by the expansion of the digital economy, the rise of cloud adoption, and hyperscalers such as GAFAM and major Chinese tech players investing in the region. In Malaysia, the government is also working on implementing a regulatory framework focused on sustainability.
Most of the new data centers to be built in the near future will be hyperscale facilities. For instance, out of 18 upcoming projects in Malaysia, 11 are designed as hyperscale, similar to 6 out of 11 in Indonesia and all 9 upcoming projects in the Philippines. This trend towards larger, higher-performance data centers is fueled by advancements in AI technologies.
The increasing use of cloud computing in both the public and private sectors in Southeast Asia is a key factor driving the demand for data centers.
For example, the Singapore government set a target to migrate most of its less sensitive digital workloads to the commercial cloud by 2023 and successfully achieved it. Similarly, many large companies in Singapore’s private sector have begun adopting cloud services, utilizing these solutions to implement advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning.
In 2021, the Malaysian government introduced a cloud-first strategy in the public sector to increase cloud adoption rates to 50% by 2024.
Meanwhile, Indonesia’s cloud computing market has experienced remarkable growth, with a CAGR of 48%, over the last 5 years, according to CNBC Cloud. This surpasses the global average, and currently, 90% of companies in Indonesia are moving towards cloud computing solutions.
Amid these trends, the cloud market in ASEAN is expected to grow at a 21% CAGR.
Graph2. Public Cloud Market Revenue in ASEAN by Segment[3]
Additionally, to meet the growing demand for data storage and processing, major cloud providers are expanding into the ASEAN region. For example, in 2024, Microsoft announced several significant investments. In April, the company committed $1.7 billion to build new cloud and AI infrastructure in Indonesia over the next four years. In May, Microsoft pledged $2.2 billion to further develop digital infrastructure in Malaysia and also announced its first regional data center, focused on providing AI training opportunities, although the investment amount was not disclosed.
Table2. Area Coverage of Major Cloud Provider in ASEAN[4]
The generative AI market is growing rapidly in Southeast Asia. Currently valued at $0.8 billion, it is expected to reach $13 billion with a 50% CAGR by 2030.
Graph3. Generative AI Revenue Forecast (ASEAN) as of Mar 2024[5]
Indonesia, ranked sixth globally for its number of startups, is experiencing significant growth in generative AI applications, such as chatbots. One example is Kata.ai, which focuses on natural language processing to provide AI-powered conversational chatbots, helping businesses engage with customers more effectively. Kata.ai has a proven track record with major telecommunications companies and state-owned banks. Mekari, a leading SaaS company, also entered the generative AI business in 2023, offering tailored advice on management strategies by analyzing clients’ financial and HR data.
Advances in generative AI are driving increased demand for new types of data centers. Generative AI models, particularly large-scale language models (LLMs) and image generation models, require immense computational resources for both training and inference. This necessitates specialized hardware, including large numbers of GPUs and TPUs (Tensor Processing Units), which are more expensive than conventional CPU-based systems. These specialized systems also require more power and cooling, and take up more physical space, fueling demand for higher-performance and larger data centers, such as hyperscale data centers. Over the next 6 years, the average data center capacity is expected to double, while total capacity is projected to triple.
As generative AI technologies become more widespread, the computational load will increase, leading to higher power consumption. To illustrate, generating a response from ChatGPT requires roughly ten times the energy of a traditional Google search. Based on 9 billion searches per day, this translates to an additional 10 terawatt-hours of energy consumed annually (according to a report by the International Energy Agency, IEA). Furthermore, as computational loads increase, so does the heat generated by servers, which in turn drives up the energy needed for cooling. It’s estimated that cooling accounts for about 30-40% of a data center’s total energy consumption. Overall, the IEA has announced that the power consumption of data centers could double by 2026 compared to 2024 levels.
As power consumption in data centers increases due to the use of generative AI and other technologies, several challenges arise. These include whether we can meet the new energy demands, what types of energy will be used to supply this demand, and how these needs can be balanced with decarbonization goals. However, these challenges present new business opportunities for those who can provide solutions.
[Increasing Energy Efficiency in Data Centers]
One approach is offering hardware and software services aimed at reducing power consumption and improving the efficiency of data centers. For example, the Singaporean startup KoolLogix provides thermal management solutions for data centers. KoolLogix reduces the power consumption of data centers by implementing an innovative cooling system that addresses the inefficiencies of traditional cooling methods. Their system focuses on removing the waste heat generated by servers using a passive heat exchange and phase change approach. Instead of relying on energy-intensive air conditioners, the KoolLogix system uses the servers’ waste heat to power a refrigerant-based cooling loop. This system operates without mechanical pumps or compressors, relying on natural convection, which significantly lowers energy consumption.
[Providing Green Energy to Data Centers]
Another approach is building infrastructure to supply clean energy to data centers. This could include constructing power plants that utilize renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, or geothermal power. These plants would then supply clean electricity to data centers through long-term contracts. In this model, power generation companies sign Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) with data center operators to provide predictable, long-term energy at stable prices.
One example is an initiative launched in Japan in April 2024. Green Power Investment Corporation (GPI) and Kyocera Communication Systems Co., Ltd. (KCCS) are collaborating on a local renewable energy production and consumption model aimed at supplying a zero-emission data center with clean energy. Specifically, GPI’s subsidiary, Green Power Retailing LLC (GPR), will procure electricity generated by the Ishikari Bay New Port Offshore Wind Farm through a specified wholesale supply of renewable energy. This power, along with FIT non-fossil certificates with tracking from the Ishikari Bay wind farm, will be supplied to KCCS’s Zero Emission Data Center (ZED), which is scheduled to open in autumn 2024 in Ishikari City, Hokkaido, and will be operated entirely on renewable energy.
Since its establishment in 2013, IGPI Singapore has supported many Japanese companies with market research, strategy planning, and execution support, including partner search and approach, ideation, and related training for new business creation in Southeast Asia.
Leveraging the extensive insights gained through involvement in the management of data center-related companies in Japan, along with its strong network of data center players in the ASEAN region, IGPI Singapore is well-positioned to offer consulting services. These services include market entry strategies and the development of partnerships with local players in the data center industry. Through on-the-ground research conducted by local staff in ASEAN, IGPI Singapore stays informed about real-time trends in the region’s data center market. This knowledge allows IGPI Singapore to craft effective market strategies and identify potential partners.
To find out more about how IGPI can provide consulting support for businesses, browse through our insight articles or get in contact with us.
[1] Arizton
[2] Data Center Map, DC Byte (Apr 2024), Cushman & Wakefield (Apr 2024)
[3] Statista
[4] IGPI Research. As per public disclosure, Mar 2024
[5] Statista
Mr. Jongwoo Lee is the Manager of IGPI Singapore. He worked for a Japanese general IT consulting firm, where he was involved in numerous projects such as business planning and implementation support, new business planning, operational efficiency improvement, and business management enhancement support in a wide range of industries, including trading companies, energy, manufacturers, automobiles, and systems, etc. After joining IGPI, he has extensive experience in new business creation in Southeast Asia, including the development of new business models and strategies for expanding sales of new solutions in the Southeast Asian market and the study of new business entries for local companies in Southeast Asia. Graduated from the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Economics. Japanese Certified Public Accountant
Industrial Growth Platform Inc. (IGPI) is a Japan-rooted premium management consulting & investment firm headquartered in Tokyo with offices in Osaka, Singapore, Hanoi, Shanghai & Melbourne. IGPI was established in 2007 by former members of Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), a USD 100 billion sovereign wealth fund focusing on turnaround projects in Japan. IGPI has 13 institutional investors, including Nomura Holdings, SMBC, KDDI, Recruit & Sumitomo Corporation, to name a few. IGPI has vast experience supporting Fortune 500s, government. agencies, universities, SMEs, and funded startups across Asia and beyond for their strategic business needs and hands-on support across a wide variety of industries. IGPI group has approximately 7,500 employees on a consolidated basis.
* This material is intended merely for reference purposes based on our experience and is not intended to be comprehensive and does not constitute as advice. Information contained in this material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but IGPI does not represent or warrant the quality, completeness and accuracy of such information. All rights reserved by IGPI.
The Indonesian telecommunication sector has undergone a series of “evolutions” predominantly caused by digitalization, driven largely by increasing data consumption. This has triggered a set of “assets reorganization” activities marked by consolidations, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and divestments and the creation of infra-co.
Some of these activities are propelled by capital markets that have seen an increase in activity in the infrastructure private investment and higher cost of funds. More importantly, however, central to these is the convergence of telecommunication services that has now been largely driven by data connectivity and the demand for high-speed, high-quality and affordable communication.
The Indonesian telecommunication sector has long been “mobile-centric,” primarily driven by mobile use as a more affordable and practical connectivity option. Before the wave of consolidation that occurred nearly a decade ago (sometime in 2015-16), there were 7 mobile network operators (MNOs) in Indonesia, namely Hutchison 3, XL Axiata, Indosat Ooredoo Hutchison, Sampoerna, Telkomsel, SmartFren and Bakrie Telecom.
Today, due to this wave of consolidation among these players (as detailed out in the table below) we are left with four key major MNOs. Soon, the country may only have three MNOs, as there is a potential merger between SmartFren and XL Axiata.
In addition to the wave of M&As among the MNOs, the Indonesian telecommunication sector has also witnessed a rise in divestments of telecommunication infrastructure assets, including telecommunication towers, data centers to fiber optics assets.
This trend it highlighted by the recent announced divestment Telkom Sigma, a subsidiary of Telkom Indonesia (a state-owned enterprise telecommunication company), and the proposed divestment of Indosat Ooredoo’s Fiber Optic and Marine Cable businesses.
This shift further underscores the ongoing reorganization of the Indonesian telecom sector.
Amidst these ongoing consolidations and divestments, we have also observed key emerging trends (discussed in further details below), including the rise of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC) in the Indonesian telecommunication landscape. This trend is exemplified by XL Axiata’s acquisition of Link Net, a major Indonesian fixed broadband player (initially owned by First Media, a subsidiary controlled by the Lippo Group and has been invested by a global PE, CVC), and the recent merger of Telkom’s subsidiaries – IndiHome (a fixed broadband service provider) and Telkomsel (one of the major MNO operators).
Underlying these corporate actions, is the significant increase in data consumption driven by digitalization and consumers’ contents consumption. This has made it strategically imperative for Indonesian telecommunication players to provide better quality and high-speed internet connections to grow their market share.
Specifically, in Indonesia, the fixed broadband communication segment has ample room to grow. The country currently has the lowest fixed-broadband penetration at less than 20%, significantly below Southeast Asia’s average of 40%, highlighting a significant opportunity for expansion and fiber optics investment in Indonesia. (DBS, 2023)
Furthermore, the services provided today are sub-standard, with average speeds that users typically get from the current fixed broadband internet service providers (ISPs) being only 31.42 Mbps, a far cry from the SEA internet speed of about 77.5 to 284.93 Mbps. (Ookla, Q2 2024)
This underscores the pressing need for improved broadband infrastructure and services in Indonesia, which could further drive the adoption of fixed-mobile convergence and accelerate 5G development to meet the growing demands of its digital population.
From our research and analysis, the bouts of divestment and M&As that happen in the Indonesian telecommunication market are mainly driven by several external and internal factors including but not limited to the following:
<External Factors>
1. The end of the low interest-rate era, bringing about an increase in the cost of funds, has raised the bar for return on invested capital.
2. Heightened competition among the MNOs driving Average Rate per Users (ARPUs) downwards (shown by the decline in the ARPU/GDP Ratio in the chart below), while the number of subscribers remain stagnate.
3. Technological change, including the use of DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) / WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) which essentially allows for a single fiber optic to cater for various data signals use has expanded the bandwidth capacity of a single fiber optic, making fiber optic use capacity more efficient.
4. The entry of new players in the market, especially with the recent entry of Starlink (the satellite internet entity belonging to Elon Musk), has intensified competition in the Indonesian telecommunication sector. Starlink offers an alternative way for consumers to access the internet; adding pressure to the already competitive landscape, though its reach is currently limited.
<Internal Factors>
1. The need for MNO players to seek new avenues for growth including providing higher value-added services, has become increasingly important.
2. Adding to this is also the decline in legacy revenue streams (voice calls, SMS) for mobile companies, which now only provide a meager portion of the overall revenue (see below illustration on the proportion of legacy revenue to the total revenue of Telkomsel)
3. The high capital expenditure (capex) required to maintain competitiveness and/or to capture new markets has further driven the assets-reorganization. Combined with (1) and (2), this has triggered the slew of consolidation and divestment within the Indonesian telecommunication sector.
A confluence of these factors, coupled with the shift towards data-driven revenues, has resulted in the continuous shake up in the country’s telecommunications sector.
Driven by the rise of data consumptions and the strive for efficiency, the key trends in the telecommunication market in Indonesia will be mainly driven by the need to provide high quality communication more effectively i.e. higher quality and at lower price. Due to this reason, we likely to witness the key following trends:
1. Fiber optic investment in Indonesia will become crucial for the future of telecommunications, with FMC convergence and fiberization enabling high-quality, affordable internet
Driven by increasing need of data, fiber optic, with its ability to channel vast amounts of data efficiently and effectively and with its already proven technology, has been the clear winner. In addition, the use of DWDM and WDM technologies is a breakthrough that has increased the amount of bandwidth capacity that can be channeled by a single fiber optic network.
Adding to that, fiberization – which is basically connecting tower to the fiber optic cable becomes the key for 5G development in Indonesia. We have seen this done in major markets such as India and China. This also means there is a convergence whereby fixed broadband will generally empower the telecom tower. Hence Fiber optic is a clear winner of this transition and evolution.
2. EDGE Data Center will provide further content localization
With increased content consumption, placing content closer to users to reduce latency has become ever more important. Edge data centers (EDGE), which is essentially smaller sized data center closer to the population of end users and utilization of content delivery network (CDN), which is essentially network of servers with the goal of delivering content quickly, cheaply, reliably, and securely as possible, are crucial in this “localization” effort.
3. Telecommunication companies will evolve to become “techcos”, whereas infrastructure companies will focus on deepening their infrastructure play, creating a more scalable back-end sharing economy
With the creation of “infra-co” companies, separating infrastructure ownership from operations, is supported by the rise of infrastructure investors, particularly infrastructure private equity funds, seeking exposure to digital infrastructure.
Whilst operating-co will focus on providing more value-added, higher return and technological based servicing. We can already see this happening in developed markets such as Singapore, where Singtel and StarHub have made acquisitions in the enterprise services sector to expand their offerings in this area.
We in IGPI Singapore have been active in the telecommunication sector in the region, working with not only key telecommunication clients across various spectrums, but also with various infrastructure and non-infrastructure investors who are looking into investing and getting exposure into the SEA telecommunication market. We are happy to discuss and assist you on your strategy and investment matters.
To find out more about how IGPI can provide consulting support for businesses, browse through our insight articles or get in contact with us.
Mr. Erwin Thio is the Senior Manager of IGPI Singapore. His areas of expertise are in M&A deal management (both buy-side and sell-side), deal structuring, valuation and commercial due diligence, market analysis, and project management. He has also spent several years working within the investment and fund management (particularly for Real Estate Private Equity Funds) division of major developers such as Mapletree, Lendlease, Savills IM, and CFLD, where he helped with deal execution and origination, capital raising, fund creation/ development, and management.
Mr. Nicholas Quek is an Associate of IGPI Singapore. He graduated from Singapore Management University with a Bachelor of Business Management, majoring in Finance. During his time in university, he gained internship experience at OCBC bank where he took on a compliance role responsible for AML. He was also a Teaching Assistant for Financial Markets and Investments, and a Research Assistant for Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). In his final year, he embarked on an experiential learning course where he formulated strategies to increase e-commerce sales for an MNC.
Mr. Darren Hardisurjo is an Intern at IGPI Singapore (August 2024 – October 2024).
Industrial Growth Platform Inc. (IGPI) is a Japan-rooted premium management consulting & investment firm headquartered in Tokyo with offices in Osaka, Singapore, Hanoi, Shanghai & Melbourne. IGPI was established in 2007 by former members of Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), a USD 100 billion sovereign wealth fund focusing on turnaround projects in Japan. IGPI has 13 institutional investors, including Nomura Holdings, SMBC, KDDI, Recruit & Sumitomo Corporation, to name a few. IGPI has vast experience supporting Fortune 500s, government. agencies, universities, SMEs, and funded startups across Asia and beyond for their strategic business needs and hands-on support across a wide variety of industries. IGPI group has approximately 7,500 employees on a consolidated basis.
* This material is intended merely for reference purposes based on our experience and is not intended to be comprehensive and does not constitute as advice. Information contained in this material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but IGPI does not represent or warrant the quality, completeness and accuracy of such information. All rights reserved by IGPI.
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